Ikhlas butuh keberaian

Disetiap arah fikiran setiap insan, terkadang terselip berbagai anggapan, baik itu buruk, skeptis, apatis, atau senang. Anggapan atau sikap apapun yg terselip itu merupkan hak kodrati manusia terhadap sesuatu yg dia pandang dan kemudian muncullah berbagai anggapan. Tak seorang pun berhak melarang anggapan orang lain karena itu adalah penilaian.

Dalam berbuat pun baiknya begitu..terlepas dari sikap seorang manusia secara lahiriah..yg setiap berbuat kebajikan slalu saja, sengaja atau tidak akan terselip harap agar mendapat pujian sanjungan, tepukan tangan yg secara otomatis akan mengangkat martabat duniawi. Namun lebih dari itu.......kata ikhlas yg sudah terdengar ditelinga sejak usia dini...merupakan satu titik bertemunya antara doa dan harap, doa yg mengarah kepada sang khalik, dan harap acuan semangat duniawi...berbuat ikhlas tak semudah yg sering dibicarakan karena ternyata berbuat ikhlas panjang ujiannya. dari awal kita berbuat sampai perbuatan kita yg tertinggal didunia sbg penilaian org terhadap kita. nilai dahsyat ikhlas tertumpu pada seberapa besar keberanian hati dan aktulisasi diri dalam berbuat. karena stiap perbuatan kita dilihat dan dinilai org dan sang Khalik (Allah SWT)..ikhlas bkn logo..bkn jg selogan....

Ikhlas dtg dr hati dan muncul dengan perbuatan yg tercermin dengan kesabaran dan butuh KEBERANIAN.

Wassalam,

Rudianto

Kejujuran VS Kebutuhan

Sejak kecil, sejak TK, sampai kuliah sampai ke pengajian-pengajian dikampung atau dikota..sering sekali kita dengar "kita harus JUJUR".
Apa itu JUJUR? Apakah dalam setiap tindakan harus JUJUR? Apakah kebaikan mesti mengandung unsur JUJUR? lantas apakah saya (kita semua) termasuk orang JUJUR?
sulit untuk menjawab itu semua, karena setiap tindakan khusus'a kesalahan memiliki alasan mengapa kejujuran terpinggirkan.
yang lebih LUCU di jika musim kampanye, semua selogan gak jauh2 dari unsur JUJUR..sepertinya kata jujur yang kita pahamai dan percayai dapat mengalahkan manjur'a obat apapun di muka bumi ini. Seorang pejabat yang bersalah kemudian bersaksi dan bersumpah kemudian memunculkan ekspresi kejujuran dibumbuhi linangan air mata maka akan serta merta membuat hati pendengar, penilai, menikamati adegan2 kejujuran itu.
Adakah kejujuran yang Absolute? kurasa ada....
bila kita diam sejenak, rasakan betapa begitu dekat kejujuran itu dengan kuat'a aliran darah yg mendesir didalam seluruh pembuluh, kita selalu dapat merasakan penolakan yang begitu keras disaat kejujuran dikesampingkan..secara spontan pasti ada rasa penolakan dari dalam..namun kembali lagi apalah daya itu hanya dorongan dari dalam diri yang si user sendiri lah yang tau, sementara orang lain tidak!!
Kemampuan setiap orang untuk mengakomodir rasa jujur dalam diri itu berbeda-beda, tergantung pada apa, dimana dan siapa yg mempengaruhinya.
Sering orang mengabaikan kejujuran hanya karena kebutuhan.
contohnya: seorang mahasiswa(pelajar) rela menipu diri ketika ujian dgn membawa seperangkat jimat alias kopekan, contekan dsb, bila ditanya atau dilakukan survey hampir 100% jawabannya adalah demi nilai. dalam hal ini demi kebutuhan pribadi. itu merupakan satu contoh kecil. Jangan salah kan generasi saat ini baik yang masih muda atau yg sudah tua, yang msh dibangku sekolah atau dibangku dewan...sebagai orang terhormat bila orang tersebut berbohong alias tidak JUJUR. bila kita telusuri jauh ke kehidupan pribadi manusia di negeri ini sebenar'a kita memang sudah terdidik secara sengaja atau tidak untuk selalu tidak JUJUR.
Masih bingung kan?
Begini: "waktu kecil ketika ada tukang tagih kredit datang, ibu selalu lari kebelakang dan berpesan pada anak'a untuk bilang ke tukang kredit bahwa ibunya sedang pergi kerumah nenek"
"Ketika ada telephone yang mencari ayah, ayah berpesan bilang ayah sedang ikut pengajian"
Jadi dari dalam rumah saja seorang anak sudah diajarkan untuk tidak JUJUR pada diri sendiri, keluarga, bahkan orang lain.
Akibat'a di usia sekolah sianak yg dididik dan dilatih untuk bohong tersebut mulai menerapakan ilmu yg diturunkan oleh ibu dan Bapak'a td. ketika diberi uang sekolah (SPP) maka uang tersebut ditileb bila ditanya sudah dibayar...bila ketahuan bilang saja saya KHILAF dan urusan selesai...
Saat sekolah demi kebutuhan mengikuti zaman sianak tadi minta dibelikan Sepeda Motor karena jika naik sepeda angin terlalu capek, bila naik bus/bis sering ketiduran sehingga sekolah sering kelewatan, padahal memang sianak demen cabut sekolah. demi kasih sayang siayah pun membelikan sepeda motor, tapi tetep aja anak badung membolos, bila dtg surat peringatan lgsg sianak bilang ya saya salah ayah....
Begitulah awal kebohongan dinegeri ini menjadi subur & makmur.......
KORUPTOR pun demikian, dia KORUP karena kebutuhannya yang berlebihan atau dia memang seoarang anak yg dulu'a sudah dilatih dan digembleng sedemikian rupa baik'a utk berbohong....
Jadi Jika ingin negeri ini bebas dari kebohongan mulai lah dari keluarga kita masing2..jgn ajarkan kebohongan baik sengaja atau tidak kepada anak. karena sianak lah yg akan meneruskan kebohongan yg lebih hebat lagi untuk kebutuhan dan ketololannya.


Salam,

Rudianto

Tugas Resume Bab 8-Bab 11

Bab 11

ENTRY AND EXPANSION
The process is triggered by different motivations to go abroad. The motivations can be proactive or reactive. Proactive motivations are initiated by aggressive management, whereas reactive motivations are the defensive's response of management to environmental changes ad pressures. Firms that are primarily stimulated by proactive motivations are more likely to enter international business and succeed.
In order to gain assistance in its initial international experience, the firm can make use of either intermediaries or facilitators. Intermediaries are outside companies that actively participate in an international transaction. They are export management companies or trading companies. In order for these intermediaries business functions properly, however, they must be compensated. This will result in a reduction of profits.
International facilitators do not participate in international business transactions, but they contribute knowledge and information. Increasingly, facilitating roles are played by private sector groups, such as industry associations, banks, accountants, or consultants, and by universities and federal, state, and local government authorities.
Apart from exporting and importing, alternatives for international business entry are licensing, franchising, and local presence. The basic advantage of licensing is that it does not involve capital investment or knowledge of foreign markets. Its major disadvantage is that licensing agreements typically have time limits, are often proscribed by foreign governments, and may result in creating a competitor. The use of franchising as a means of expansion into foreign markets has increased dramatically. Franchisors must learn to strike a balance between adapting to local environments and standardizing to the degree necessary to maintain international recognizability.
Full ownership is becoming more unlikely in many markets as well as industries, and the firm has to look at alternative approaches. The main alternative is inter firm cooperation, in which the firm joins forces with other business entities, possibly even a foreign government. In some cases, when the firm may not want to make a direct investment, it will offer its management expertise for sale in the form of management contracts.

Bab 10

BUILDING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE

International business research is therefore instrumental to international business success since it permits the firm to take into account different environments, attitudes, and market conditions.

The difference is in the environment to which the tools are applied. Although the objectives of research may be the same, the execution of international research may differ substantially fro that of domestic research. The four primary reasons for this difference are:

1. New parameters in crossing national borders. For example include duties, foreign currencies and change in their values.

2. New environmental factors. Management needs to know culture, political, and comprehend the difference things of host country

3. The number of factors involved. Environmental relationship need to be relearned whenever the firm enters a new international market.

4. Broader Definition of competition. The firm needs to expose greater variety of competition than that found in home market.

When the firm is uninformed about international differences in consumer tastes and preferences or about foreign market environments, the need for international research is particularly great. Research objective need to be determined based on the corporate mission, the level of international expertise, and the business plan.

A sequential Process of researching foreign market potentials.

Stage one. Preliminary screening for attractive country market. With question “which foreign markets warrant detailed investigation?”

Stage two. Assessment of industry market potential. “What is the aggregate demand in each of the selected markets?”

Stage three. Company sales potential analysis.” How attractive is the potential demand for company products and services?”

Given the scarcity of resources, companies beginning their international effort must rely on data that have already been collected. These secondary data are available from sources such as governments, international organizations, service organizations, trade association, directories and newsletters, electronic information services.

After identifying source of data, the next steps are selection of secondary data, then interpretation and analysis of secondary data, and data privacy (the concern has grown exponentially as a result of e-business)

Conducting Primary Research.

Primary data are obtained by a firm to fill specific information needs.

1. Industrial versus consumer source of data. The researcher must decide whether research is to be conducted into consumer or the industrial product area, which in turn determines the size of the universe and respondent accessibility.

2. Determine the research techniques. Senility to different international environments and cultures will aid the researcher in deciding whether to use interviews, focus groups, observation, surveys, or web technology as data collection techniques.

The International Information System

An information system can provide the decision maker with basic data for most ongoing decisions. Defined as “the systematic and continuous gathering, Analysis, and reporting of data for decision making purposes. Such a system serves as a mechanism to coordinate the flow of information to corporate mangers. Data gathered through:

Environmental scanning activities provide continuous information on political, social, and economic affairs internationally.

Delphi studies. These studies are to enrich the information obtained from factual data; corporations and government frequently resort to the use creative and highly qualitative data gathering methods.

Scenario building. The information obtained through environmental scanning or Delphi studies can then be used to conduct a scenario analysis. One approach involves the development of a series of plausible scenarios that are constructed from trends observed in the environment.

BAB 9.
EMERGING MARKET

In the emerging market economies, the key to international success will be an understanding of the fact that societies in transition require special adaptation of business skill and time to complete the transformation. Due to their growing degree of industrialization, other economies are also becoming part of the world trade and investment picture. It must be recognized that these global change will, in turn, precipitate adjustments in industrialized nations, particularly in the manufacturing and trade sectors. Adapting early to these changes can offer new opportunities to the international firm.

ECONOMIC CHANGE

For western firms, the political and economic shifts converted a latent but closed market into a market offering very real and vast opportunities. Yet the shifts are only the beginning process. The announcement of an intention to change does not automatically result in change itself. Highly prized, fully accepted fundamentals of the market economy, such as the reliance on competition, support the profit motive, and the willingness to live with risk on a corporate and personal level, are not yet fully accepted. It is therefore useful to review the major economic and structural dimensions of the change taking place in order to identify major shortcomings and opportunities for international business.

Firms doing business with transition economies often encounter interesting demand conditions. Buyers preferences are frequently vague and undefined. Available market information is inaccurate. As result, it is quite difficult for corporations to respond to demand. In emerging markets, consumption pattern can change rapidly. Companies that can anticipate these discontinuities can exploit them. The challenges to manager in emerging market is not restricted to the governmental front. The success of operations frequently rests on manager ability to compete effectively with unconventional competition such as product counterfeiters, product diverters, and informal competitors who ignore local labor and tax laws. To cope with all these challenges, transition economic need trained managers.

ADJUSTING TO GLOBAL CHANGE

Both institutions and individuals tend to display some resistance to change. The resistance grows as the speed of change increases. It does not necessarily indicate a preference for the earlier conditions but rather a concern about the effects of adjusment and a fear of the unknown. Major shifts have occurred both politically and economicallyin central Europe and the former Soviet Union, accompanied by substansial dislocations. Therefore, resistance should be expected.

STATE ENTERPRISE AND PRIVATIZATION

Often the international manager is also faced with state-owned enterprises that have been formed in noncommunist nations for reasons of national or economic security. These firms may inhibit foreign market entry, and they frequently reflect in their transactions the overall domestic and foreign policy of the country rather than any economic rationale. The current global trend toward privatization offers new opportunities to the international firm, either through investment or by offering business skills and knowledge to assist in the success of privatization. Through privatization, budgets can reduced and more efficient – non fewer-services can be provided. Privatized good and services are often more competitive and innovative. Two decades of experience with privatization indicate that private enterprises almost invariably outperform state-run companies.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Challenges

1. One major difficulty encountered is the frequent unavailability of convertible currency. As result, many countries resort to barter and countertrade.
2. Lack of protection some countries afford to intellectual property right. Unless importers can be assured that government safeguard will protect their property, trade, and technology transfer will be severally inhibited.
3. Attempting to source products from emerging market. Many firm has found that selling is not part of economic culture in some countries.
4. The quality of the products. Therefore, the international manager must require manufactures to improve quality and offer prompt delivery using advanced information technology.

Opportunities

1. Some transition economies have products that are unique in performance. While they could not be traded during a time of ideological conflict, they are becoming successful global product in an era of new trade relations.
2. The most sourcing opportunities are for industrial products, which reflects the past orientation of research and development expenditures. Overtime, however, consumer products may play a large role, sometimes even a surprising one.
3. Technology transfer are also substantial opportunities to provides quite useful information.

Why The Mutinational Firms Have higher rate success in transition economies?

1. Foreign firms have had a tendency to enter- at least initially- services sectors that allowed high profit potential with minimal capital investments. This permits a first stage entry of little capital risk.
2. As multinational firms gain experience and knowledge of the local markets, they may then increase the size of their capital investment.
3. The export orientation of the multinational firm is quite consistent with the economic policy goals of many economies. They are often sorely in need of export earnings.
4. Many multinationals quickly find their access to local capital through the rapidly developing domestic financial sector to be easier.
5. As multinational firms mature in transition, many find that the domestic market itself represents a legitimate market opportunity on a stand alone basis. Although this is the commonly assumed goal of privatization, it is not always achieved.

BAB 8.

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

A trading bloc is preferential economic arrangement among a group of countries. From least to most integrative, they are the free trade area, the customs union, the common market and the economic union. It should be noted countries (or groups of countries) may give preferential treatment to another countries on the basis of historic ties or due to political motivations.

01. The Free Trade Area

The free trade area is the least restrictive and loosest from of economic integration among countries. In a free trade area. All barriers to trade among member countries are removed. Therefore, goods and services are freely traded among member countries in much the same way that they flow freely between. No discriminatory taxes, quotqs, tariffs, or other trade barriers are allowed. The most notable feature of a free trade area is that each country continues to set its own policies in relation to nonmembers. In other words, each member is free to set any tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions that it chooses on trade with countries outside the free trade area.

02. The Customs Union

The customs union is one step further along the spectrum of economic integration. Like the members of free trade area, members of a customs union dismantle barriers to trade in goods and services among themselves. In addition, however, the customs union establishes a common trade policy with respect to nonmembers.

03. The Common Market

Further still along the spectrum of economic integrations is the common market. Like the custom union, a common external trade policy. In addition, however, factors of production are also mobile among members. Factors of production include labor, capital, and technology; when factors of productions are freely mobile, then capital, labor, and technology may be employed in their most productive uses. Despite the obvisious benefits, members of a common market must be prepared to cooperate closely in monetary, fiscal, and employment policies. Furthermore, while a common market will enhance the productivity of members in the aggregate, it is by no means clear that individual member countries will always benefit.

04. The Economic Union

The creation of a true economic union requires integration of economic policies in addition to the free movement of goods, services, and factors of production across borders. Under the economic union, members would harmonize monetary policies, taxation and government spending. In addition, a common currency would be used by all members.

ARGUMENTS SURROUNDING ECONOMIC INTEGRATON

They center on (1) trade creation and diversion; (2) the effects of integration on import prices, competition, economic of scale, and factor productivity; and (3) the benefits of regionalism versus nationalism.

Trade Creation and Trade Diversion

The increased export of wheat and other products by Spain to the EU as a result of its membership is termed trade creation. The alimination of the tariff literally created more trade between Spain and the EU. At the same time, because the united states was still outside of the EU, its products suffered the higher price as a result of tariff applications. U. S. exports to the EU fell. When the source of trading competitiveness is shifted in this manner from one country to another, it is termed trade diversion.

Reduced Import Prices

When a small country imposes a tariff on imports, the price of the goods will typically rise because sellers will increase prices to cover the cost of the tariff. This increase in price, in turn, will result in lower demand for the imported goods.

Higher Factor Productivity

When factors of production are freely mobile, the wealth of the common market countries, in aggregate, will likely increase. The theory behind this contention is straightforward: factor mobility will lead to the movement of the labor and capital from areas of low productivity to areas high productivity. In addition, to the economic gains from factor mobility, there are other benefits not so easily quantified. The free movement of labor fosters a higher level of communication across cultures. This, in turn, leads to higher degree of cross-cultural understanding; as people move, their ideas, skills, and ethnicity move with them.

Regionalism Versus Nationalism

Economists have composed elegant and compelling arguments in favor of the various levels of economic integration. It is difficult, however, to turn these arguments into reality in the face of intense nationalism.

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

• Economic Integration In Europe From 1948 to The Mid-1980s

• The European Union Since The Mid-1980s

• Organization of The EU

• Implications of The Integrated European Market

NORTH AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

• U. S.- Canada Free Trade Agreement

• North American Free Trade Agreement

EMBARGO DAN SANKSI MEMPENGARUHI PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

EMBARGO DAN SANKSI MEMPENGARUHI PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

Dalam perniagaan dan politik internasional, embargo adalah pelarangan perniagaan dan perdagangan dengan sebuah negara. Embargo umumnya dideklarasikan oleh sekelompok negara terhadap negara lain untuk mengisolasikannya dan menyebabkan pemerintah negara tersebut dalam keadaan internal yang sulit. Keadaan yang sulit ini dapat terjadi akibat pengaruh dari embargo yang menyebabkan ekonomi negara yang dilawan tersebut menderita karenanya.

Embargo biasanya digunakan sebagai hukuman politik bagi pelanggaran terhadap sebuah kebijakan atau kesepakatan. Yang namanya embargo itu, negara tersebut ingin memaksa negara lain untuk memenuhi keinginan politiknya. Ilustrasinya begini. Negara yang mengembargo itu mengatakan, karena tentara di negara kamu tidak memiliki standar etika yang sesuai dengan etika politik saya, maka saya embargo kamu atas senjata yang saya punyai. Jadi senjata yang saya punyai tidak boleh digunakan untuk hal-hal yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginan politik saya. Itu pengertian embargo. Salah satu contoh embargo adalah yang pernah diterapkan Amerika Serikat terhadap Indonesia dari tahun 1999 hingga 2005 dalam hal pengadaan senjata militer akibat pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan ABRI di Timor Timur.

CONTOH EMBARGO DAN SANKSI

Embargo dalam dunia Islam, Rasulullah dan para Sahabat di Beikot warga Mekkah.

Dalam perjalanan penyebaran Agama Isalam pun Embargo dan sanksi sudah pernah terjadi sebelum terjadinya embargo dinegara Eropa dan Asia di masa modern. Kaum Musyrikin Mekah juga pernah mengembargo segala kebutuhan kaum muslimin dari bahan-bahan sandang, pangan, papan sampai kebutuhan perang, hal ini terjadi dalam berapa lama. Hal ini dilakukan oleh kaum musyrikin sebagai hukuman bagi kaum muslim yang tidak pernah mau berhenti dalam mensyiarkan agama Islam.

Embargo Senjata UE Terhadap Guinea

LUKSEMBURG: Uni Eropa memberlakukan larangan penjualan senjata kepada Guinea. Para menteri luar negeri 27 negara Eropa mengambil keputusan itu sebagai sanksi atas penembakan oleh aparat keamanan Guinea, khususnya pasukan pengawal presiden, terhadap para demonstran anti pemerintah militer. Dalam peristiwa itu 157 orang tewas, kendati junta pemerintah hasil kudeta militer pimpinan Kapten Musa Dadis Kamara hanya mengakui 57 orang tewas. dalam pernyataan bersama yang dikeluarkan dalam pertemuan di Luksemburg, para menlu menyebut, kekerasan 28 September di sebuah stadion di Konakri, ibu kota Guinea itu merupakan pelanggaran berat HAM. Sebaliknya, para menlu UE memutuskan mencabut larangan penjualan senjata kepada Uzbekistan. Embargo diterapkan sejak tahun 2005, sebagai sanksi atas penembakan oleh aparat Uzbek terhadap para pengunjuk rasa di Andijan, menewaskan dan melukai ratusan orang. Pencabutan embargo diputuskan, karena pemerintah Uzbekistan menunjukan kemajuan dalam penghargaan terhadap HAM.

Embargo Minyak Tanah

YUGOSLAVIA: Pada tanggal 30 Mei 1992, yakni sehari sebelum pelaksanaan Pemilu bagi Parlemen Yugoslavia yang baru (terdiri dari Republik Serbia dan Republik Montengero), Yugoslavia telah dikejutkan dan terpukul oleh keputusan DK PBB dengan resolusinya yang telah mengenakan sanksi embargo total terhadap Yugoslavia, dengan tuduhan Yugoslavia cq Serbia dan Montenegro yang paling bersalah atas terjadinya peperangan di Bosnia Herzegovina, dan turut dalam peperangan yang terjadi di Bosnia Herzegovina.

Lepas dari persoalan, apakah Yugoslavia betul-betul bersalah atau tidak dalam gejolak yang terjadi di Bosnia Herzegovina, yang jelas sanksi DK PBB, termasuk embargo minyak mentah, mempunyai efek yang kuat didalam aspek kehidupan negara Yugoslavia. Sejak awal terjadinya disintegrasi Yugoslavia tercatat lebih dari 30 resolusi PBB telah dikeluarkan, akan tetapi yang menonjol, dikaitkan dengan adanya blokade total ekonomi internasional terhadap Yugoslavia adalah Resolusi DK PBB nomor 757 tentang dikenakannya sanksi ekonomi dan resolusi No 820.

test

Saleum,

test mantong

Tugas (FDI)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) merupakan pemberian pinjaman atau pembelian kepemilikan perusahaan di luar wilayah negaranya sendiri. FDI terjadi manakala bisnis kita melakukan investasi pada fasilitas dan atau memasarkan suatu produksi di luar negeri. FDI tidak lain investasi langsung di luar negeri. Jadi, FDI bukanlah ekspor maupun lisensi. FDI, ekspor, dan lisensi dalam keberadaannya mempunyai posisi sebagai tiga alternatif cara bisnis kita menggapai pasar luar negeri. Sepintas dipersepsikan FDI berbiaya tinggi dan penuh risiko daripada melakukan lisensi atau ekspor. Hal itu, karena mesti membangun fasilitas produksi, mengakuisisi perusahaan asing dimana jelas terdapat perbedaan ketentuan perundang-undangan termasuk budaya.

Antusiasme Indonesia dalam mengundang investor asing untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia tercermin dari berbagai paket regulasi dan deregulasi dalam FDI. Pemerintah Indonesia membukan peluang masuknya Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) ke Indonesia sejak tahun 1967 melalui penetapan UU No. 1/1967 tentang PMA yag disempurnakan dengan UU No. 11/1970.

Perbaikan iklim investasi di Indonesia terus dilakukan pemerintah Indonesia dengan tujuan meningkatkan cadangan devisa guna mendorong perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini sudah diimplementasikan melalui paket kebijaksanaan deregulasi dan debirokratisasi dengan dilakukan penyederhanaan mekanisme perijinan, penyederhanaan impor barang modal pelunakan syarat-syarat investasi, serta perangsangan investasi untuk sektor-sektor potensial di aerah tertentu. Pemerintah Indonesia bertekad untuk memberikan kemudahan, perlindungan, dan jaminan kepada FDI sebagai salah satu upaya mewujudkan ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) pada tahun 2010.
Usaha serius yang dilakukan pemerintah ini tidak sia-sia, tercermin dalam tahun 2007 kuartal II yang pertumbuhan FDI nya sebesar 3,8% dari kuartal sebelumnya yang mengalami pertumbuhan negatif (-34,33%). Dan pada kuartal selanjutnya yaitu 2007 kuartal IV, FDI Indonesia mencapai 1,96 milyar US$ sehingga menimbulkan pertumbuhan yang tidak kalah besar dari kuartal sebelumnya yaitu sebesar 55,52%.
Dari latar belakang di atas, maka penulis ingin meneliti hubungan FDI dengan cadangan devisa dan kurs di Indonesia. Penulis akan menganalisis hubungan antara FDI, kurs, SBI dan impor. (http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/ekonometrika/fdi-dan-pengaruhnya-terhadap-impor-kurs-dan-sbi-di-indonesia)